本文(wen)轉自(zi)今日頭條“民商法(fa)茶座”，如有侵(qin)權請聯系刪除
作(zuo)者：魏佳敏 （上海二中院商事庭(ting)法官(guan)助理） 來源：上海二中院
合同雙方之間達成“背靠(kao)背”條款，約定合同(tong)價款支付(fu)時(shi)間、金額(e)、方(fang)式等以(yi)第三方(fang)的支付(fu)為條件，原本是建筑業慣例，如今在(zai)(zai)商事(shi)領域中(zhong)呈普(pu)適商業規(gui)則的趨勢(shi)。該(gai)條款是合同(tong)當(dang)事(shi)人真實意思表示(shi)，不(bu)違反法(fa)律法(fa)規(gui)強制性規(gui)定，對(dui)雙(shuang)方(fang)均有(you)約束力。但在(zai)(zai)對(dui)“背靠(kao)背”條款的效力予以(yi)認可的同(tong)時(shi)應對(dui)其(qi)適用范圍加以(yi)合理規(gui)制，以(yi)有(you)效避免(mian)合同(tong)雙(shuang)方(fang)權(quan)利義務(wu)嚴(yan)重失衡。
案情
2020年7月3日，某網絡(luo)(luo)公(gong)(gong)司(si)與案(an)外人(ren)某銷(xiao)售(shou)公(gong)(gong)司(si)簽訂《主服(fu)務(wu)(wu)采購協議》，約(yue)定(ding)銷(xiao)售(shou)公(gong)(gong)司(si)向網絡(luo)(luo)公(gong)(gong)司(si)購買專業服(fu)務(wu)(wu)并支付(fu)相關費用。網絡(luo)(luo)公(gong)(gong)司(si)承(cheng)接該業務(wu)(wu)后(hou)將(jiang)其整體分(fen)包給某文(wen)化(hua)傳播(bo)公(gong)(gong)司(si)，雙方簽訂《服(fu)務(wu)(wu)合同》約(yue)定(ding)網絡(luo)(luo)公(gong)(gong)司(si)指定(ding)文(wen)化(hua)傳播(bo)公(gong)(gong)司(si)承(cheng)接其客戶(hu)項(xiang)目(mu)，網絡(luo)(luo)公(gong)(gong)司(si)分(fen)次支付(fu)文(wen)化(hua)傳播(bo)公(gong)(gong)司(si)款項(xiang)，網絡(luo)(luo)公(gong)(gong)司(si)每次收到銷(xiao)售(shou)公(gong)(gong)司(si)對(dui)應項(xiang)目(mu)的(de)相應款項(xiang)且收到文(wen)化(hua)傳播(bo)公(gong)(gong)司(si)開(kai)具相對(dui)應金額的(de)增值稅專用發票后(hou)，1個月內支付相應(ying)的(de)款(kuan)項(xiang)。2021年4月25日，銷售公司(si)(si)確認案涉項(xiang)目已(yi)驗收完畢，并要求網絡公司(si)(si)開具增值稅專用發票。同年4月29日，文(wen)化傳播(bo)公司(si)向(xiang)(xiang)網絡(luo)公司(si)告知(zhi)其驗收(shou)結果，并提交項目驗收(shou)終版材料。同日，網絡(luo)公司(si)向(xiang)(xiang)銷售公司(si)開具(ju)(ju)了(le)增值(zhi)稅(shui)專(zhuan)用發(fa)票。之后文(wen)化傳播(bo)公司(si)向(xiang)(xiang)網絡(luo)公司(si)開具(ju)(ju)了(le)增值(zhi)稅(shui)專(zhuan)用發(fa)票。同年7月5日至8月18日，文化傳(chuan)播公(gong)司(si)(si)持(chi)續向網絡公(gong)司(si)(si)催(cui)要案涉服務(wu)費(fei)，網絡公(gong)司(si)(si)提出(chu)其在積(ji)極向銷售(shou)公(gong)司(si)(si)催(cui)討。同年9月(yue)30日，網(wang)絡公(gong)司(si)(si)向銷售公(gong)司(si)(si)發送了催款(kuan)函(han)，要求對(dui)方在收到(dao)函(han)件(jian)后3日內支付案涉(she)款項。同(tong)年10月9日，網絡公(gong)司以(yi)銷售公(gong)司為被告向法院提起訴訟(song)。同年12月(yue)22日，法(fa)院(yuan)就(jiu)該案出具調解書。后因銷售公(gong)(gong)司未(wei)履行(xing)(xing)上述調解書確定的付款義務(wu)，網絡公(gong)(gong)司向法(fa)院(yuan)申請強制執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)。但在執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)程序中，法(fa)院(yuan)未(wei)發(fa)現被(bei)(bei)執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)人(ren)(ren)有其他可供(gong)(gong)執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)的財產，申請執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)人(ren)(ren)也(ye)未(wei)提供(gong)(gong)被(bei)(bei)執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)人(ren)(ren)其他可供(gong)(gong)執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)的財產線(xian)索，并(bing)同意終結本(ben)次執(zhi)(zhi)行(xing)(xing)程序。文化傳(chuan)播公(gong)(gong)司遂提起本(ben)案訴訟，要求網絡公(gong)(gong)司支付服務(wu)費尾款及逾期(qi)付款違約金。
裁判
一審(shen)法院(yuan)認(ren)為(wei)，網(wang)(wang)絡(luo)(luo)(luo)(luo)(luo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)積極促成(cheng)其與銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)售(shou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)之(zhi)間(jian)付(fu)(fu)(fu)款(kuan)(kuan)條件(jian)的(de)(de)成(cheng)就，并不(bu)存(cun)在故意阻止(zhi)條件(jian)成(cheng)就的(de)(de)行(xing)為(wei)，故案(an)涉合同(tong)約定的(de)(de)網(wang)(wang)絡(luo)(luo)(luo)(luo)(luo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)付(fu)(fu)(fu)款(kuan)(kuan)條件(jian)尚未成(cheng)就，駁回了文化傳(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)的(de)(de)全部訴訟請(qing)求。文化傳(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)不(bu)服，提出(chu)上(shang)(shang)訴。上(shang)(shang)海二(er)中(zhong)院(yuan)經審(shen)理(li)后(hou)(hou)認(ren)為(wei)，網(wang)(wang)絡(luo)(luo)(luo)(luo)(luo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)分次支(zhi)付(fu)(fu)(fu)文化傳(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)服務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)費是意思自治的(de)(de)結果，雙(shuang)方應予(yu)遵循(xun)。網(wang)(wang)絡(luo)(luo)(luo)(luo)(luo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)未有明顯怠于向銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)售(shou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)主張服務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)費的(de)(de)過錯(cuo)行(xing)為(wei)，銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)售(shou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)對網(wang)(wang)絡(luo)(luo)(luo)(luo)(luo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)的(de)(de)付(fu)(fu)(fu)款(kuan)(kuan)義(yi)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)已由另案(an)生效法律文書(shu)予(yu)以(yi)確定，網(wang)(wang)絡(luo)(luo)(luo)(luo)(luo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)應當(dang)就其對文化傳(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)的(de)(de)付(fu)(fu)(fu)款(kuan)(kuan)義(yi)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)也有所預期與安排。之(zhi)后(hou)(hou)，銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)售(shou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)未依照前述(shu)案(an)件(jian)的(de)(de)調解書(shu)履行(xing)付(fu)(fu)(fu)款(kuan)(kuan)義(yi)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)，而網(wang)(wang)絡(luo)(luo)(luo)(luo)(luo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)對該債權經申請(qing)強制執行(xing)后(hou)(hou)仍未獲(huo)得(de)清償，此時(shi)(shi)(shi)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)售(shou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)已處(chu)于不(bu)能(neng)正常履行(xing)付(fu)(fu)(fu)款(kuan)(kuan)義(yi)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)狀態。從平衡合同(tong)雙(shuang)方權利義(yi)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)角度(du)，上(shang)(shang)海二(er)中(zhong)院(yuan)認(ren)為(wei)，網(wang)(wang)絡(luo)(luo)(luo)(luo)(luo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)向銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)售(shou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)催討服務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)費并因此進入訴訟、執行(xing)程序(xu)所經歷的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)，是文化傳(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)基于《服務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)合同(tong)》付(fu)(fu)(fu)款(kuan)(kuan)約定而應當(dang)作(zuo)出(chu)的(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)利益讓(rang)渡。故在該時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)區(qu)段之(zhi)內(nei)，不(bu)應當(dang)認(ren)定網(wang)(wang)絡(luo)(luo)(luo)(luo)(luo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)出(chu)現違反(fan)合同(tong)付(fu)(fu)(fu)款(kuan)(kuan)義(yi)務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)情形；在上(shang)(shang)述(shu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)間(jian)區(qu)段之(zhi)后(hou)(hou)，網(wang)(wang)絡(luo)(luo)(luo)(luo)(luo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)要(yao)求文化傳(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)繼續等待(dai)銷(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)售(shou)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)完成(cheng)支(zhi)付(fu)(fu)(fu)行(xing)為(wei)才能(neng)取得(de)案(an)涉貨款(kuan)(kuan)，不(bu)具(ju)合理(li)性。綜上(shang)(shang)，上(shang)(shang)海二(er)中(zhong)院(yuan)改(gai)判網(wang)(wang)絡(luo)(luo)(luo)(luo)(luo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)向文化傳(chuan)(chuan)播(bo)公(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)司(si)(si)(si)(si)支(zhi)付(fu)(fu)(fu)服務(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)(wu)費85萬余元以及逾期利(li)息。
評析
存在(zai)上下(xia)游(you)交(jiao)易(yi)的商事主(zhu)體之間，為轉移支付(fu)風(feng)險、減輕資金壓力，負有金錢給付(fu)義(yi)務的一(yi)方(fang)（下(xia)稱中間方(fang)）往(wang)往(wang)與受領金錢一(yi)方(fang)（下(xia)稱下(xia)游(you)方(fang)）約定(ding)，合同價款支付(fu)時間、金額、方(fang)式以上游(you)方(fang)（下(xia)稱第三方(fang)）支付(fu)為條件，此即“背(bei)靠(kao)背(bei)”條款。本文以“背(bei)靠(kao)背(bei)”條款的效力與(yu)性質認定(ding)入手(shou)，結(jie)合本案對該(gai)條款的嚴(yan)格規制，進一步探(tan)究(jiu)其(qi)具(ju)體適用。
一、“背靠背”條款的效力認定
“背靠背”條款(kuan)原(yuan)則上應作有效認定，主要從(cong)契約(yue)自由基本原(yuan)則、商事行(xing)為基本特征等以(yi)下幾(ji)個方面(mian)辨析“背靠背”條款(kuan)的效力。
（一(yi)）“背(bei)靠背(bei)”條款不違反公平原則
從該條款發展沿(yan)革來看(kan)，在發源地建(jian)筑行業中，根據(ju)《建(jian)筑法》，總承包(bao)人(ren)與(yu)分包(bao)人(ren)就(jiu)建(jian)設工程(cheng)的質量對(dui)發包(bao)人(ren)負(fu)連帶(dai)責任(ren)，即共擔(dan)風(feng)險(xian)，“背靠背”條款(kuan)(kuan)的(de)(de)(de)存(cun)在(zai)正好滿足了總承包(bao)人(ren)與(yu)分包(bao)人(ren)共(gong)擔(dan)發包(bao)人(ren)拒付(fu)或延(yan)付(fu)工程(cheng)款(kuan)(kuan)風險的(de)(de)(de)需(xu)要。因此符合建設(she)工程(cheng)風險共(gong)擔(dan)的(de)(de)(de)本質。回到以(yi)本案為代表的(de)(de)(de)普通商事合同中(zhong)，該條款(kuan)(kuan)的(de)(de)(de)簽(qian)訂是(shi)基(ji)于中(zhong)間方(fang)(fang)(fang)與(yu)下游方(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)真實意思(si)表示(shi)，不(bu)(bu)存(cun)在(zai)欺詐、脅(xie)迫和乘(cheng)人(ren)之危等情形(xing)，該條款(kuan)(kuan)設(she)置(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)本意不(bu)(bu)在(zai)于免除(chu)中(zhong)間方(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)支付(fu)款(kuan)(kuan)項的(de)(de)(de)義務，而是(shi)下游方(fang)(fang)(fang)與(yu)中(zhong)間方(fang)(fang)(fang)關于共(gong)擔(dan)資(zi)金壓力(li)與(yu)期限風險的(de)(de)(de)合意，系(xi)雙方(fang)(fang)(fang)自由選擇，并未不(bu)(bu)合理地減輕中(zhong)間方(fang)(fang)(fang)責(ze)任。
（二）“背靠背”條(tiao)款不(bu)違反(fan)合同相(xiang)對(dui)性原則
合同(tong)相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)性原(yuan)則的(de)內涵(han)在(zai)于(yu)僅對(dui)(dui)締約(yue)雙方(fang)產生約(yue)束力，而不對(dui)(dui)合同(tong)以(yi)外的(de)第三(san)(san)人發生效(xiao)力，并(bing)體(ti)(ti)現在(zai)主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)性、內容(rong)相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)性和責任相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)性三(san)(san)個方(fang)面。第一，從合同(tong)主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)出發，中間方(fang)與下游方(fang)互(hu)為(wei)合同(tong)相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)方(fang)，第三(san)(san)方(fang)并(bing)未作為(wei)合同(tong)主(zhu)體(ti)(ti)納(na)入到中間方(fang)與下游方(fang)之(zhi)間的(de)合同(tong)之(zhi)中。第二，關于(yu)內容(rong)相(xiang)對(dui)(dui)性方(fang)面，“背靠(kao)背”條款并未(wei)給第三(san)方(fang)(fang)(fang)設置權利(li)和義務(wu)(wu)，僅(jin)約定(ding)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)方(fang)(fang)(fang)與下(xia)游(you)方(fang)(fang)(fang)之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)權利(li)義務(wu)(wu)。第三(san)，考(kao)慮(lv)到責(ze)任(ren)相(xiang)對性，下(xia)游(you)方(fang)(fang)(fang)并不(bu)能(neng)跳(tiao)過中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)方(fang)(fang)(fang)直接向(xiang)第三(san)方(fang)(fang)(fang)主張權利(li)，同理，第三(san)方(fang)(fang)(fang)對下(xia)游(you)方(fang)(fang)(fang)也不(bu)享有(you)合同請求權。即(ji)(ji)使在責(ze)任(ren)限制型“背靠(kao)背”條款情(qing)形下(xia)，即(ji)(ji)第三(san)方(fang)(fang)(fang)尚(shang)未(wei)履行付款義務(wu)(wu)，中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)方(fang)(fang)(fang)可相(xiang)應后延對下(xia)游(you)方(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)付款義務(wu)(wu)，但(dan)該責(ze)任(ren)限制約定(ding)并不(bu)終局免除中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)方(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)付款責(ze)任(ren)。
（三）“背靠(kao)背”條款不屬于格式條款
是否(fou)將“背(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)靠背(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)”條(tiao)款認定(ding)為格(ge)式條(tiao)款，最關鍵的(de)(de)(de)是需先(xian)行認定(ding)中間方(fang)(fang)是否盡(jin)到合理的(de)(de)(de)提(ti)示(shi)和注意義務。根據雙(shuang)方(fang)(fang)簽(qian)訂合同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)意思(si)自(zi)治(zhi)，下(xia)游方(fang)(fang)已明確知悉(xi)該項條(tiao)款的(de)(de)(de)真實內核即部分排除其(qi)合同(tong)權利(li)或限制(zhi)他方(fang)(fang)責(ze)任，但(dan)該項內容是雙(shuang)方(fang)(fang)協(xie)商并最終(zhong)接(jie)受的(de)(de)(de)結果。對于(yu)(yu)(yu)下(xia)游方(fang)(fang)而言(yan)，其(qi)并非只能選擇(ze)接(jie)受而無(wu)法修改變(bian)更該項條(tiao)款，換言(yan)之(zhi)，雙(shuang)方(fang)(fang)締約地位平等，下(xia)游方(fang)(fang)在合同(tong)簽(qian)訂過(guo)程中也并非處于(yu)(yu)(yu)附從地位，在信息充分披露的(de)(de)(de)情況下(xia)依(yi)舊(jiu)屬于(yu)(yu)(yu)合同(tong)訂立自(zi)由的(de)(de)(de)范疇，故“背(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)靠背(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)”條(tiao)款并不屬于(yu)(yu)(yu)格(ge)式條(tiao)款。綜上(shang)，“背(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)靠背(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)”條(tiao)款基于(yu)(yu)(yu)合同(tong)雙(shuang)方(fang)(fang)真實意思(si)訂立，不違(wei)反法律法規強制(zhi)性(xing)(xing)規定(ding)，在風險共擔的(de)(de)(de)商事自(zi)由環境的(de)(de)(de)大(da)背(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)景下(xia)，為了促進交(jiao)易目的(de)(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)實現，該條(tiao)款的(de)(de)(de)適用具有一(yi)定(ding)合理性(xing)(xing)，應作有效認定(ding)。
二、“背靠背”條款的性質認定
在(zai)認定(ding)“背(bei)靠背(bei)”條(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)有效(xiao)的前提(ti)下，現(xian)有法(fa)律體(ti)系中(zhong)仍缺(que)乏對該條(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)的性質界(jie)定(ding)。本案傾向于附條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)生效(xiao)說，第(di)三(san)方(fang)(fang)(fang)履行(xing)支付(fu)義(yi)務并非(fei)必(bi)然會發生的事(shi)，該條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)是(shi)否能(neng)成就(jiu)、何時成就(jiu)均(jun)不確(que)定(ding)，第(di)三(san)方(fang)(fang)(fang)很可能(neng)出現(xian)資信問題或(huo)破產等情(qing)形而導致無力清償(chang)，現(xian)實情(qing)況的復雜(za)性導致第(di)三(san)方(fang)(fang)(fang)是(shi)否能(neng)按(an)期(qi)支付(fu)成為(wei)非(fei)確(que)定(ding)性事(shi)件(jian)。合同(tong)(tong)中(zhong)往往約定(ding)為(wei)“待收款(kuan)后(hou)付(fu)款(kuan)”，但中(zhong)間(jian)方(fang)(fang)(fang)“收款(kuan)”這(zhe)一要(yao)件(jian)在合同(tong)(tong)簽訂之初(chu)并無法(fa)預見(jian)，雙方(fang)(fang)(fang)共同(tong)(tong)期(qi)待第(di)三(san)方(fang)(fang)(fang)依約向中(zhong)間(jian)方(fang)(fang)(fang)支付(fu)貨款(kuan)，但卻(que)存在第(di)三(san)方(fang)(fang)(fang)主觀(guan)或(huo)客(ke)觀(guan)不向中(zhong)間(jian)方(fang)(fang)(fang)付(fu)款(kuan)的可能(neng)性，故識別(bie)為(wei)附條(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)條(tiao)(tiao)款(kuan)最為(wei)妥當(dang)。
三、“背靠背”條款的規制適用
“背(bei)靠背(bei)”條款(kuan)的(de)(de)存(cun)續具有合(he)法(fa)性與合(he)理(li)(li)(li)(li)性，但(dan)第三(san)方(fang)(fang)(fang)如果(guo)不(bu)付款(kuan)，那(nei)么中(zhong)間(jian)(jian)方(fang)(fang)(fang)是否就可援(yuan)引(yin)該條款(kuan)抗辯一直不(bu)向下游方(fang)(fang)(fang)付款(kuan)，顯然不(bu)合(he)理(li)(li)(li)(li)，這與當(dang)事(shi)人(ren)權利義務相一致的(de)(de)原則相悖，也造成(cheng)合(he)同雙(shuang)方(fang)(fang)(fang)利益的(de)(de)嚴重失衡。為防止(zhi)中(zhong)間(jian)(jian)方(fang)(fang)(fang)濫用(yong)(yong)優勢(shi)地位損害(hai)下游方(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)權益，在司法(fa)實踐中(zhong)處理(li)(li)(li)(li)“背(bei)靠背(bei)”條款(kuan)的(de)(de)適用(yong)(yong)問(wen)題時，應在綜合(he)考量合(he)同簽約履約情況、中(zhong)間(jian)(jian)方(fang)(fang)(fang)對(dui)第三(san)方(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)權利主(zhu)張行為以及第三(san)方(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)客觀支(zhi)付能(neng)力等多項因素，作區(qu)分處理(li)(li)(li)(li)。
（一）中間(jian)方怠于(yu)向第(di)三(san)方主(zhu)張權利
在“背(bei)靠背(bei)”條(tiao)款的適用過程中(zhong)(zhong)，中(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)負有(you)向(xiang)(xiang)第三(san)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)主張(zhang)款項(xiang)(xiang)的義務，以(yi)督促(cu)第三(san)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)按約履行(xing)(xing)款項(xiang)(xiang)支(zhi)付(fu)義務。中(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)需(xu)對其與第三(san)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)的結算情(qing)況(kuang)以(yi)及第三(san)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)支(zhi)付(fu)款項(xiang)(xiang)的具體情(qing)況(kuang)承擔舉(ju)證責任，同時需(xu)證明自(zi)身已積極(ji)地向(xiang)(xiang)第三(san)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)主張(zhang)權(quan)(quan)(quan)利(li)即作(zuo)出催討(tao)(tao)行(xing)(xing)為，否則難(nan)以(yi)援引(yin)該條(tiao)款對下(xia)游方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)進行(xing)(xing)抗辯，以(yi)對抗實際(ji)下(xia)游方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)的付(fu)款請(qing)求(qiu)權(quan)(quan)(quan)。其中(zhong)(zhong)，對中(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)怠于(yu)行(xing)(xing)使權(quan)(quan)(quan)利(li)的認定(ding)應(ying)當(dang)從(cong)嚴，不能(neng)僅限于(yu)發送催討(tao)(tao)函，應(ying)參照《民法典》第五(wu)百三(san)十五(wu)條(tiao)作(zuo)同一解釋，中(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)需(xu)通過訴訟或仲裁的方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)式向(xiang)(xiang)第三(san)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)主張(zhang)到(dao)期債權(quan)(quan)(quan)。若中(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)未能(neng)舉(ju)證證明其已積極(ji)向(xiang)(xiang)第三(san)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)主張(zhang)付(fu)款權(quan)(quan)(quan)利(li)，則認定(ding)其對自(zi)身權(quan)(quan)(quan)利(li)實現呈(cheng)消極(ji)狀態即怠于(yu)行(xing)(xing)使權(quan)(quan)(quan)利(li)，此種(zhong)情(qing)況(kuang)下(xia)“背(bei)靠背(bei)”條(tiao)款條(tiao)件成就，中(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)(jian)(jian)方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)應(ying)直接向(xiang)(xiang)下(xia)游方(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)履行(xing)(xing)款項(xiang)(xiang)支(zhi)付(fu)義務。
（二）中間方對第三方存在違約行為
關于中(zhong)間方與第三(san)方簽訂的(de)合同(tong)中(zhong)，雙方均應(ying)全面履(lv)行(xing)(xing)合同(tong)義務。但若因中(zhong)間方的(de)過(guo)錯行(xing)(xing)為(wei)，未(wei)履(lv)行(xing)(xing)或(huo)未(wei)完全履(lv)行(xing)(xing)其對第三(san)方的(de)合同(tong)義務，構成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)違(wei)約，從而導致第三(san)方不(bu)(bu)予以(yi)付款。在此情況下(xia)，中(zhong)間方應(ying)當繼續履(lv)行(xing)(xing)合同(tong)促(cu)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)條件(jian)(jian)的(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)就，否則(ze)應(ying)參照《民法典》第一(yi)百五十(shi)九條，當事人為(wei)自(zi)己利益不(bu)(bu)正當地阻止條件(jian)(jian)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)就的(de)，視為(wei)條件(jian)(jian)已經成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)就，中(zhong)間方不(bu)(bu)得以(yi)第三(san)方未(wei)支付貨(huo)款為(wei)由(you)拒絕履(lv)行(xing)(xing)其對實際(ji)下(xia)游方的(de)義務。如果不(bu)(bu)對“背靠背”條款作限制適用，則中間方因自(zi)身原因導致付(fu)款條件(jian)未成就，反因其(qi)違約行為(wei)獲得額(e)外利益，不僅(jin)侵犯(fan)了實際下游方的(de)合法權益，也導致雙方權利義(yi)務嚴重(zhong)失衡。
;（三(san)）第(di)三(san)方履(lv)行不能
“背(bei)靠(kao)背(bei)”條款(kuan)背(bei)后隱藏的(de)(de)(de)本旨(zhi)在(zai)于風(feng)(feng)險共(gong)擔(dan)，但指(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)對(dui)履行(xing)(xing)時(shi)(shi)間產生的(de)(de)(de)期限利(li)益風(feng)(feng)險共(gong)擔(dan)，并(bing)非是(shi)共(gong)同(tong)承擔(dan)第(di)(di)(di)三方(fang)(fang)履行(xing)(xing)不(bu)能的(de)(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)險。當中間方(fang)(fang)已通過訴(su)訟、仲裁甚至執行(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)(fang)式積極主張權利(li)，第(di)(di)(di)三方(fang)(fang)喪失清(qing)償(chang)能力出(chu)現(xian)履行(xing)(xing)不(bu)能的(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)。正如本案出(chu)現(xian)執行(xing)(xing)終本的(de)(de)(de)情形，此時(shi)(shi)如果(guo)網絡公(gong)司仍以銷(xiao)售公(gong)司未(wei)付(fu)款(kuan)作(zuo)為其對(dui)下(xia)游(you)方(fang)(fang)文化傳播公(gong)司付(fu)款(kuan)義(yi)務的(de)(de)(de)阻卻事由(you)，事實上存有突(tu)破合同(tong)相(xiang)對(dui)性轉嫁違約(yue)責任，變相(xiang)逃避案涉付(fu)款(kuan)義(yi)務的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)當目的(de)(de)(de)。此時(shi)(shi)可參(can)照《民法(fa)典總則(ze)解釋》第(di)(di)(di)二十四條類(lei)比適用，當第(di)(di)(di)三方(fang)(fang)客觀(guan)不(bu)能履行(xing)(xing)時(shi)(shi)，或處于缺(que)乏可執行(xing)(xing)性的(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)時(shi)(shi)，所附條件不(bu)可能發生，應認定為未(wei)附條件。在(zai)此情況(kuang)下(xia)，中間方(fang)(fang)應直接向下(xia)游(you)方(fang)(fang)付(fu)款(kuan)，否則(ze)對(dui)下(xia)游(you)方(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)(de)利(li)益保護明顯失衡，有違公(gong)平原(yuan)則(ze)。
